Figure 1: Technical Drawing of Photophone Transmitter.

Figure 2: A. G. Bell, and C. S. Tainter

Figure 3: Plaque showing Maxwell’s Equations, and J. C. Maxwell

Figure 4: The Electromagnetic Frequency Spectrum

Figure 5: H. R. Hertz, and line drawing of the apparatus used by Hertz

Figure 6: Graphic from Thomas Edison’s US patent # 465,971.

Figure 7: Guglielmo Marconi

Figure 8: Radio transmissionby Marconi in 1897.

Figure 9: Marconi’s first transatlantic radio transmission in 1901

Figure 10: A schematic of spark gap based radio frequency transmitter

Figure 11: Photograph of a spark gap radio frequency transmitter

Figure 12: Reginald Aubrey Fessenden

Figure 13: Photo of the rotary gap transmitter  and the Brant Rock station

Figure 14: A car mounted phone

Figure 15: Concept of an early mobile phone system

Figure 16: Layout of MTS/IMTS car phone euipment

Figure 17: Motorola TLD 1100 MTS Car Phone

Figure 18: The Trigild Gemini 2 briefcase phone

Figure 19: Concept of a cellular phone network.

Figure 20: The concept of a cellular network described by D. H. Ring

Figure 21: Motorola car phone dialer units

Figure 22: The Motorola DynaTAC8000x cell phone

Figure 23: Nokia Mobira portable cellular phones of the 1980s

Figure 24: Nokia Cityman 100 and Cityman 150

Figure 25: Nokia Cityman 1320 and Motorola DynaTAC 8000X

Figure 26: Technophone PC107/3

Figure 27: Motorola MicroTAC 9800x

Figure 28: Nokia 1011

Figure 29: Comparative speeds of wireless data transfer protocols

Figure 30: Worldwide growth of GSM and CDMA phone subscriptions 58

Figure 31: The IBM Simon 63

Figure 32: The Nokia 9000 Communicator 65

Figure 33: Nokia 9210, 9300 and 9500 66

Figure 34: The Ericsson GS 88 ‘Smart Phone’ ('Penelope') 68

Figure 35: The ‘Gran Vals’ music score 68

Figure 36: Motorola StarTAC 3000 69

Figure 37: The Nokia 5110 69

Figure 38: The DoCoMo D502i 70

Figure 39: A comparative illustration of battery characteristics. 72

Figure 40: The Sharp J-SH04 74

Figure 41: The Ericsson R380 74

Figure 42: The Samsung SPH-M100 75

Figure 43: The Nokia 1100 76

Figure 44: The Moto Razr 76

Figure 45: The Moto ROKR connected to an Apple Powerbook 77

Figure 46: Steve Jobs announces the iPhone2G at Macworld 2007 78

Figure 47: The skeumorphic design of the Apple Garage Band App 79

Figure 48: Skeumorphic versus flat icon designs on the iPhone home screen 79

Figure 49: iPhone 2G released in 2007 and iPhone 6 released in 2014 80

Figure 50: Sony Ericsson W600i 80

Figure 51: Handspring Visor Deluxeand an early model Palm Pilot 81

Figure 52: The Nokia E90 82

Figure 53: The 2008 HTC Dream and the 2014 Google Nexus 5 84

Figure 54: Growth in the number of apps available in app stores 86

Figure 55: Multi-channel selling 120

Figure 56: Advertisement strategies 123

Figure 57: Apple’s flagship store in New York City and in Boston, USA. 126

Figure 58: The process of mobile technology assisted In-store selling 128

Figure 59: System layout of a multi-channel e-commerce strategy 130

Figure 60: Context based selling strategies 133

Figure 61: The different ways of using location detection technologies 137

Figure 62: System layout of promotions and marketing system. 139

Figure 63: Strategies for improving customer satisfaction 142

Figure 64: Mobile technology enabled delivery management 152

Figure 65: System layout of delivery management system 154

Figure 66: Mobile technology enabled field service 159

Figure 67: System layout of a mobile technology enabled field service 161

Figure 68: Mobility in Healthcare 170

Figure 69: The concept of Carrier Frequency Modulation (FM) 214

Figure 70: Simplex, Half-Duplex and Full-Duplex Communication 217

Figure 71: Frequency Division Multiple Access in full duplex mode 222

Figure 72: Time Division Multiple Access 225

Figure 73: Time Division Duplexing 226

Figure 74: Code Division Multiple Access 228

Figure 75: The unique features of mobile operating systems 232

Figure 76: Android system architecture 239

Figure 77: The main components of an Android application 241

Figure 78: iOS system architecture 244

Figure 79: The main components of an iOS application 247

Figure 80: A few mobile operating systems 247

Figure 81: The base band processor and the main processor 249

Figure 82: Inside the Apple iPhone 4 250

Figure 83: Communication with the bandband processor in Android OS 251

Figure 84: Mobile phone authentication with the cellular network 256

Figure 85: The structure and functions of a HTML5 mobile web application 263

Figure 86: The structure and functions of a hybrid mobile web application 271

Figure 87: A summary of mobile application characteristics 281

Figure 88: Role of a mobile middleware server 284

Figure 89: Operation of push message based middleware systems. 289

Figure 90: Mobile Enterprise Application Platform (MEAP) 301

Figure 91: An overview of non-functional requirements for mobile apps 308

Figure 92: NFR cheatsheet 328